presuppose: may imply a hazy or imperfectly realized belief or an uncritical acceptance: a work which ~s a knowledgeable readership; or it may imply the necessity of accepting something that must logically be true: an effect ~s a cause.   "假设"多指无需验证的理论前提(如数学公理)，而"假定"保留动词"暂且认定"的古汉语特征，二者在现代汉语中分化明显。"假设"侧重系统性理论建构，而"假定"更强调暂时的认定   hazy雾蒙蒙的模糊的，形容不明确   uncritical不加辨别的非批判性的      第二个例句表示必然的前提：有现象就必然有原因


presume: suggests that whatever is taken for granted is entitled to belief until it is disproved: ~d innocent until proven guilty.     本例无罪推定


assume: indicates arbitrary or deliberate acceptance of something not proven or demonstrated: had ~d that the family would welcome his return.    没有采用解释中的arbitrary武断和deliberate故意，因为assume一般仅表示在未经验证的情况下认为


postulate: suggests advancing an assumption that cannot be proven but that is accepted as true becuase it serves as the basis for some thought or action: ordinary humans must ~ the reality of time and space.


premise: indicates laying down a position from which an inference can be drawn or stating facts and principles fundamental to an argument: an argument ~d on a belief in the value of a formal education.


posit: suggests the selecting of a proposition on subjective or arbitrary grounds: a company that ~s an eager customer for each of its new products.


presuppose假定假设: 暂且认定，但也可指逻辑必然，presume推定: 在未经证明虚假之前，应视其真实，assume假定: 在未经验证的情况下认为，postulate基本假设: 无需验证的基本假设，premise前提: 作为推理论证的前提，posit假定: 表示主观武断


记忆方法: 1) 首字母联想APPPPP，AP是美联社(associated press)+PPPP想成四名工作人员4 persons或people或personnel报道想当然<==假设    （personnel有2个意思 1、人员职员the personnel of an organization are the people who work for it, 如sales/technical/medical/security/military personnel推销/技术/医务/保安/军事人员，如five military personnel were killed五名士兵战死   2、人事部门the department in a company that deals with employing and training people，如the personnel department/manager人事部门/经理，如she works in personnel她在人事部工作，personnel is/are currently reviewing pay scales人事部现在正审核工资级别）    

         2) 假设的意思是想当然地认为或作为前提mean to take something for granted as the basis for action or reasoning.首字母联想APPPPP，AP是美联社(associated press)+PPPP想成四名工作人员4 persons或people或personnel报道想当然<==假设      to take something for granted想当然、认为理所当然，如I came into adult life clueless about a lot of things that most people take for granted我已成年，却对许多大部分人认为理所当然的事情一窍不通，如he never took anything for granted他(指伽利略)从不想当然地对待任何事情